![chromium charge chromium charge](https://img.ifunny.co/images/6b0eb56584fd1f168729aaf67edc6e81392c413be1b1314ad2b2b9199f9a7416_1.jpg)
What is more, water pollutants have usually negative impact on the human body (Kowal and Świderska-Bróż 2009). Anthropogenic pollution increases diversity and variability of the percentage of each chemical compound in the surface water and destroys many natural ecosystems. Physicochemical composition of surface water contrary to that of groundwater is highly dependent on human activities. Therefore, effective water and sewage treatments have become increasingly important in recent years. Moreover, the phenomenon of discharge of untreated or just mechanically treated sewages to rivers decreases the amount of available water, which could have been used in the food industry and transformed the Baltic Sea from oligotrophic to strong eutrophic type over the last century (Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection 2011). Relatively low rainfall and direct flow of groundwater to the Baltic Sea are responsible for the formation of water deficit areas in many Polish regions (Skośkiewicz 1996). Poland has the poorest drinking water resources among all European countries because of its climatic and hydrologic conditions. However, the World Bank estimates that by 2025, the number may rise to 1.4 billion in 48 countries (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology 2002). In 1995, 436 million people in 29 countries experienced water deficit. India, this is mainly caused by the rain outflow, which is too quick for efficient use. Nowadays, the lack of water is a significant problem in many countries. In this case, the polymer causes destabilization of the colloidal suspension, which results from charge neutralization of solid particles by adsorbed PAA.
![chromium charge chromium charge](https://urbanfonts-files.s3.amazonaws.com/samples/49114/5574296bfc525006af036c10494fa0cc.jpg)
In turn, the Cr 2O 3 suspension containing the PAA is most unstable also at pH = 3. Under these conditions, each positively charged solid particle is surrounded by a negatively charged diffusion layer which protects from particle collision and aggregates formation (electrostatic stabilization). The chromium (III) oxide suspension not containing PAA is the most stable at pH = 3. To explain the changes in the system stability, the adsorption and electrokinetic measurements were performed. In this paper, the stability of Cr 2O 3 suspension in the absence and the presence of polyacrylic acid (PAA) was determined.
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Even small amounts of these substances inhibit life processes in water. The presence of various types of pigments, including chromium (III) oxide, poses the major problem. Currently, many scientists are looking for new coagulants, flocculants and physicochemical methods allowing for sufficient removal of pollutants from water. The lack of water is the most serious threat to humanity that leads to more efficient water and sewage treatment.